As you suggest, petroleum and chemical based detergents can be more harmful than many pesticides. The surfactants are extremely resilient and tough to break down in the environment, whilst anti-bacterial soaps will decimate the vital micro-organisms in your soil.
As well as soft soap you can safely use and vegetable based soap - something like Ecover washing-up liquid, for instance, which is easily and cheaply available and will do the job.
There are also a variety of organic, plant-based solutions that will readily deal with aphids. There's a good article on Ecocharlie with a variety of suggestions:
http://www.ecocharlie.co.uk/blog/index. ... -solutions -
You can but some of the plant-based sprays (I've seen a Garlic-based one recently) but they're easy enough to "home brew" and also have a longer-lasting effect than soap. Plus I like the idea of using the natural defences of one plant (like Chilli, Garlic or Rhubarb) to protect another too.
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